Undeclared work in private security: a growing sector facing fair work challenges

The European private security sector has more than doubled in size over the past 25 years, employing over 1.2 million people across the EU, Iceland and Norway and generating approximately €47 billion in annual turnover. While undeclared work and bogus self-employment appear to be relatively limited overall, the sector faces growing challenges linked to labour shortages, subcontracting chains and cost pressures. A new ELA report examines where the risks lie and what can be done to strengthen compliance and fair competition.  

Key takeaways 

• The private security sector employs more than 1.2 million workers across Europe and has experienced sustained growth in both workforce size and turnover.  
• The sector is highly regulated, and stakeholders report that undeclared work is relatively uncommon overall, with partially undeclared work being the most frequently identified labour law violation.  
• Risks are highest in areas such as event security, complex subcontracting chains and some smaller operators.  
• The sector is facing labour shortages and skills gaps, with many employers reporting difficulties recruiting qualified staff.  
• Good practices identified across Europe include stronger licensing systems, cooperation between authorities, targeted inspections, social partner involvement and the use of digital tools to support enforcement.  

As demand for private security services continues to grow across Europe, ensuring fair working conditions remains essential. The report highlights how strong regulation, responsible procurement and effective enforcement can help prevent undeclared work, protect workers and support fair competition across the sector.